Current position in this corpus
Brain-organoid protocols in this collection now split into broad cerebral self-organization, forebrain patterning, posterior brain subregion protocols, long-term maturation, transplantation, and perturbation-ready neural systems.
Strong supporting sources
- Lancaster 2014
- Sloan 2018
- Giandomenico 2021
- Fitzgerald 2024
- Kelley 2024
- Ullah 2025
- Meng 2025
- Eura 2020
- Pomeshchik 2020
- Zagare 2021
- Valiulahi 2021
- Chen 2023
- Atamian 2024
Working synthesis
- Lancaster remains the self-organizing cerebral reference point, whereas Sloan and Ullah move toward cleaner forebrain or telencephalic control.
- Eura, Zagare, Chen, Valiulahi, Pomeshchik, and Atamian extend the corpus into brainstem, midbrain, hindbrain, hippocampal, and cerebellar protocols rather than leaving it forebrain-dominant.
- Giandomenico and Fitzgerald emphasize later-stage maturation and functional readouts, while Kelley and Meng show how transplantation or pooled perturbation can become the next experimental layer.
Main tension
- whole-cerebral diversity versus region-specific precision
- in vitro maturation versus host-assisted validation
Open questions
- Which brain questions require a specific subregion protocol rather than a broad cerebral organoid?
- What is the best tradeoff between regional control, long-term survival, functional readout, and experimental throughput?